When confronted with a two volume set of the work of Edmund Wilson, the primarily-Internet-based reviewer has to confront the question, What value does Wilson’s work have for the modern scribe? A scribe who dwells in a digital realm, where the prose is nearly uniform, where the subjects are both immediate and fleeting. Where the true eventual endurance of the writing is ultimately more fragile than millions of old books in dusty rooms. Where people read for utilitarian reasons, rather than any pleasure in prose.


This new dual compilation of Edmund Wilson’s work is a big collection, comprising Edmund Wilson: Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1920s and 30s (The Shores of Light, Axel’s Castle, Uncollected Reviews and Edmund Wilson: Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1930s & 40s (The Triple Thinkers, The Wound and the Bow, Classics and Commercials, Uncollected Reviews) (Library of America, 1025 and 1000 pages, $40 dollars each, ISBNs 978-1598530131, and 978-1598530148, Library of America volumes Nos. 176 and 177). The two volumes arrive with the promise of more to come, but is already a magnificent tribute to a man of letters.
But the sobriquet “man of letters” is old fashion. And Wilson himself was old fashioned. Indeed, in his not-so-later years he viewed himself publicly as a man of the 19th century. He was, barely. Wilson was born in 1895 in Red Bank, New Jersey, to a difficult mother and a taciturn if prominent lawyer in fragile health. After a superb education that culminated in Princeton (which he attended with F. Scott Fitzgerald and other future literary lights), Wilson served as an ambulance driver in WWI, after which he settled in New York City to pursue a literary career.
Very quickly he became a prolific reviewer, culminating in appointments at The New Republic and then The New Yorker, and also as the author of a regular succession of books, in which he became the explicator of modern European literature to Americans as well as the historian of the socialist idea, among other political projects. His book, Axel’s Castle, published in 1931, is a remarkable feat, a survey of symbolist literature by a non-academic for general readers that was published by a prominent house (Scribner’s) and was something of a bestseller. Today the book would come from a university press and sell poorly, because written for other academics.
His friends constituted a catalog of the era’s greatest writers, including Vladimir Nabokov, and the subjects of his wide-ranging interest comprised all of the world’s literature itself. He ceased writing strictly about modern fiction sometime in the late 1940s and instead turned himself to broad topics such as the literature of the civil war, Canadian writing, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. He kept a life-long journal, which began publication in his twilight years and then for decades after his death, in 1972.
It is arguable that not too long after his death, Wilson started to become a forgotten figure. Were it not for the fact that he also wrote poetry, plays, and novels of some repute, he would probably be consigned to the category of mere critic. Though many of his books stayed in print, and new ones continued to come out, he was an acquired and recherché taste, each new volume by or about him inevitably reviewed in the literary weeklies, but more as an in-house interest. Too many new writers with a flashier style and a hipper worldview were the critics of choice for younger writers with literary aspirations. After Wilson’s death, only Gore Vidal, Wilson’s true heir, kept the meager flame of Wilson’s standards and breadth of interests alive in the wasteland of literature.
Now Wilson has come full circle, honored by inclusion in the series of books of American literature that he himself helped bring into being through his essay “The Fruits of the MLA.” A grant from a beneficent institution guarantees, as a note at the start of each book announces, that these volumes will never go out of print. But who will read them?
If you’re like me, a great deal of your time is spent on the Internet visiting narrowcasting websites. I’m looking for news or distraction. The sites I go to, though, are 90 per cent meatless, even the political forums. They are designed for the short attention span, for the immediate need, for the acerbic crack and the viral put down. Probably the proper nouns found in these sites add up to around 300; few of the people continually mentioned were born before 1940, and most much more recently. The prose of these sites sounds the same, a grand Babylonian repository of first drafts.
The readers of these websites are starved and don’t know it. And it wasn’t until I started reading and re-reading Wilson in these books that I realized how little is mentioned, how little matters, in the great mass of the Internet. By contrast, the indexes for the two Wilson volumes are over 20 pages each, with additional 53 pages worth of brief, explanatory notes. Yes, you can probably find all the names in these indexes and notes on the Internet somewhere. But at one point, they were all in Wilson’s head, while most of the web text about these people is of a superficial or cursory nature, written after 1999. Even more important, Wilson wrote about many of the writers and politicians and activists whom he covered with informed skepticism, and with the goal of elevating or educating his reading public, helping them hone standards of quality that essentially match his though not necessarily mimic his.
The two volumes at hand gather together five of Wilson’s books, with a small sample of his uncollected reviews (which, if intended as a selling point, will come as a disappointment to Wilson fanatics in their meagerness, just 12 of what must be hundreds, at least enough to inspire a collection of uncollected material in 1995). Taken together, they cover the early middle decades of the century, 1920 to 1949. Thus, Wilson is on the beat when Hemingway’s first novels appear, and when Fitzgerald’s last come out. In the review compilations, Wilson covers novels, theater, poetry, and some public performers; Willa Cather, Wallace Stevens, Sherwood Anderson, Ezra Pound, Ring Lardner, Eugene O’Neill, Houdini, Mencken, Shaw, Wilder, Dos Passos, Max Eastman, Kay Boyle, Sartre, Kafka, and many national literatures and movements.
For a good introduction, dip into The Wound and the Bow and read his long essay on Dickens, which rescues the novelist from children’s literature. Wilson doesn’t go in for the type of “close readings” of then current literary vogue, though he can. He compares the writer’s life to the literature and back again, making the man come alive and the literature blossom (though Wilson, a man of the times, can slip into hand-me-down Freudianism). By contrast, read his essay on the now forgotten John Jay Chapman, a great American prose stylist with an interesting past and amorphous career. Or sample his three progressive essays on the murder mystery, which clear the head of prejudices in favor of the genre as enduring.
Wilson had a knack for great titles; The Triple Thinkers comes from Flaubert’s definition of the artist; The Wound and the Bow from classical art. His essays generally begin in a tame fashion, and then pick up speed, rhetorical force. For example, his introduction to his survey of Civil War literature, Patriotic Gore begins blandly but ends up a searing indictment of the Vietnam War and the military-industrial complex. More important, Wilson writes each review as if it is the definitive statement on a given book, author, or movement. It was important for him to get his position clear, registered for all time. He also had a habit of “reviewing” the book under consideration in a near throwaway ‘graf near the beginning and then spending the rest of the piece talking about what he wants (for example, in his review of Gene Fowler’s book about John Barrymore).
What’s refreshing is that though his prose is suffused with intelligence it is not at all academic and as you read you begin to think that you could do that to, with enough time and freedom. Wilson writes for an intelligent reader whom he assumes chooses to dip into the essay because he is interested in the subject or the writer. He doesn’t have to “hook” the reader with a clever lead, or reach into the depths for continual, exhausting witty turns of phrase to keep the reader going. The force of his rightness keeps you going. His one similarity to the Internet geek of successive generations is his competitive ambition to accuracy and detail. Although he could be wrong about facts of foreign grammar or historical movements, as the collected letters between Wilson and Vladimir Nabokov revealed.
It’s thus easy to see how Wilson could have become, during his late lifetime, a paragon to rising writers, such as Frederick Exley, whose second book, Pages from a Cold Island is a circling around the reputation and stature of Wilson. It’s difficult to imagine a contemporary writer composing a similar paean to an elder, unless it is someone like Nicholson Baker saluting an old-fashioned predecessor in a backhanded gesture. Exley’s book captures what it is like to love a writer. In fact, I can chart my own interest in Wilson by decadal attitudes toward the Nabokov - Wilson letters. First I was a Wilson fan; by the time the letters were published in 1979, I was decidedly a Nabokovian. Then with time and repetition I began to tire of Nabokov’s lesser books and crankier opinions, as Wilson’s calming prose rose in my estimation and his breath of knowledge was a good guidepost. Now I can see how they talk past each other, yet admire Wilson for his tireless work on Nabokov’s behalf even for books he didn’t like, which contributed mightily to Nabokov’s later post-Lolita reputation, and realize that they were both literary giants with largely irreconcilable aesthetic standards. What’s important is that a reader, over time, can change his opinions while maintaining his beliefs.
If you go into a used bookstore and manage to find a section on literary criticism you will see a lot of Wilson books there towards the end of the shelves. It’s not because they are popular, it’s because they don’t sell. They’ve been sitting there for years. The Library of America editions supersede many of those moldy old paperbacks unattended in the lower shelves of bookstore back rooms. With luck, the pleasant design and hefty volume of the books will make them appealing to newcomers though it is a paradox of our times that as reading, not to mention comprehension, decreases, books from some quarters get better physically and typographically. But the LoA Wilson books should not be mounted on shelves as trophies. They must be taken down, read, enjoyed, and allowed to open up a whole century to new eyes.